Turquoise, with its mesmerizing blue-green shades, has captivated hearts for centuries. Its beauty, rich history, and spiritual significance make it a highly sought-after gemstone. However, the popularity of turquoise has also led to the proliferation of imitations and fakes. If you're in the market for turquoise jewelry or stones, it's crucial to know how to distinguish real turquoise from its imposters. This comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and tools to confidently identify genuine turquoise, ensuring you make informed purchases and appreciate the true value of this exquisite gemstone.
Understanding the Allure of Turquoise
Before diving into the methods of identifying real turquoise, let's explore what makes this gemstone so special. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, formed through a complex geological process involving the interaction of groundwater and certain rock types. This unique formation process results in a gemstone with a distinct color palette, ranging from vibrant sky blue to greenish-blue, often adorned with intricate matrix patterns. The matrix refers to the web-like patterns or veins of other minerals, such as iron or copper oxides, that run through the turquoise. These natural variations contribute to the individuality and character of each turquoise stone, making it a truly unique gem.
The allure of turquoise extends beyond its visual appeal. This gemstone has a rich history, dating back to ancient civilizations. Egyptians, Persians, Native Americans, and other cultures revered turquoise for its beauty and spiritual properties. It was often used in jewelry, talismans, and ceremonial objects, believed to bring protection, healing, and good fortune. Today, turquoise continues to be cherished for its aesthetic beauty and its connection to ancient traditions and beliefs. Whether you're drawn to its vibrant colors, its historical significance, or its spiritual symbolism, turquoise holds a special place in the world of gemstones.
Common Turquoise Imitations and How to Recognize Them
With the high demand and value of natural turquoise, the market is unfortunately filled with imitations and treatments designed to mimic the real thing. Understanding the common types of turquoise imitations is the first step in becoming a savvy buyer. Here are some of the most prevalent materials used to fake turquoise and how to identify them:
1. Howlite
Howlite is a white or grayish mineral that is often dyed blue to resemble turquoise. While howlite itself is a natural mineral, the dyed version lacks the inherent characteristics of genuine turquoise. One way to identify dyed howlite is to look for an unnatural, uniform blue color. Real turquoise typically exhibits variations in color and matrix patterns, while dyed howlite often has a consistent, almost artificial appearance. Additionally, the dye may fade or rub off over time, revealing the white base material underneath. If you notice any signs of color bleeding or fading, it's a strong indication that the turquoise is actually dyed howlite. Another telltale sign is the presence of a chalky or porous texture, which is characteristic of howlite but not of natural turquoise.
2. Chalcedony
Chalcedony is another mineral that can be dyed to imitate turquoise. It's a cryptocrystalline form of silica, known for its waxy luster and translucent appearance. When dyed, chalcedony can take on a blue hue, but it often lacks the distinctive matrix patterns and color variations of genuine turquoise. The color in dyed chalcedony tends to be more uniform and less vibrant than that of natural turquoise. You might also notice a waxy or glassy texture, which is not typical of real turquoise. Examining the stone under magnification can reveal the presence of dye concentrations in cracks and crevices, further indicating that it's a dyed imitation.
3. Plastic and Resin
Plastic and resin are common materials used to create imitation turquoise, especially in inexpensive jewelry. These materials can be easily molded and colored to resemble turquoise, but they lack the natural characteristics and density of the real gemstone. Plastic imitations often have a lightweight feel and a smooth, almost artificial texture. They may also exhibit a uniform color and lack the intricate matrix patterns found in genuine turquoise. Resin imitations, on the other hand, may have a slightly heavier feel than plastic, but they still lack the density and hardness of natural turquoise. A simple test to distinguish plastic or resin from real turquoise is to heat a needle and gently touch it to the stone. Plastic and resin will melt or emit a burning plastic smell, while real turquoise will remain unaffected.
4. Reconstituted Turquoise
Reconstituted turquoise is made from fragments of genuine turquoise that are ground into a powder and then mixed with a resin or plastic binder. The mixture is then compressed and shaped to resemble natural turquoise. While reconstituted turquoise contains real turquoise, it's not as valuable as solid, natural turquoise. One way to identify reconstituted turquoise is to look for a grainy or speckled appearance. The individual particles of turquoise may be visible under magnification, and the overall texture may appear less smooth and consistent than that of natural turquoise. Additionally, reconstituted turquoise may have a higher resin or plastic content, making it feel less dense and more lightweight than solid turquoise. The color may also appear less vibrant and more uniform in reconstituted turquoise.
5. Stabilized Turquoise
Stabilized turquoise is natural turquoise that has been treated with a resin or epoxy to improve its durability and color. This process is often used to enhance the appearance of lower-grade turquoise that is too soft or porous to be used in jewelry. While stabilization is a common treatment and doesn't necessarily make the turquoise fake, it's important to be aware of it. Stabilized turquoise may have a slightly more uniform color and a less porous texture than untreated turquoise. It may also be more resistant to scratches and damage. However, excessive stabilization can make the turquoise appear less natural and may reduce its value. It's essential to ask the seller if the turquoise has been stabilized and to understand the extent of the treatment.
Key Characteristics of Real Turquoise
Now that we've explored the common imitations, let's delve into the key characteristics of genuine turquoise. By understanding these features, you'll be better equipped to identify the real deal.
1. Color and Matrix
Natural turquoise exhibits a wide range of blue and green hues, from vibrant sky blue to deep greenish-blue. The color is influenced by the presence of copper and iron in the gemstone's composition. One of the most distinctive features of turquoise is its matrix, the network of veins or patterns that run through the stone. The matrix can be various colors, including brown, black, or gold, and its patterns are unique to each stone. Real turquoise typically has variations in color and matrix patterns, which add to its character and beauty. Imitations, on the other hand, often have a uniform color and lack the intricate matrix patterns of natural turquoise.
2. Hardness and Density
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which means it's relatively soft compared to other gemstones like diamonds or sapphires. However, it's still hard enough to resist scratching under normal wear. The density of turquoise is also a key characteristic. Real turquoise feels dense and substantial for its size. Imitations, such as plastic or resin, often feel lightweight and less dense. You can assess the density of a turquoise stone by holding it in your hand and comparing its weight to other gemstones of similar size.
3. Texture and Luster
Natural turquoise typically has a waxy or dull luster. It may also exhibit a slightly porous texture, depending on the grade and treatment of the stone. Imitations, such as dyed howlite or chalcedony, may have a more glassy or chalky texture. The surface of real turquoise may also exhibit slight variations and imperfections, which are a testament to its natural origin. Plastic and resin imitations, on the other hand, often have a smooth, artificial texture.
4. Inclusions and Imperfections
Real turquoise, like other natural gemstones, often contains inclusions and imperfections. These may include small pits, cracks, or variations in color and matrix patterns. While these imperfections may be seen as flaws, they actually add to the character and uniqueness of the stone. They also serve as evidence of the gemstone's natural origin. Imitations, on the other hand, are often flawless and lack the natural imperfections of real turquoise.
5. Price
The price of turquoise can be a significant indicator of its authenticity. Real turquoise, especially high-grade stones with vibrant color and intricate matrix patterns, can be quite expensive. If you encounter turquoise jewelry or stones being sold at a very low price, it's a red flag that they may be imitations. While it's possible to find genuine turquoise at reasonable prices, extremely low prices are often indicative of fake or low-quality materials. It's always wise to compare prices from different sources and be wary of deals that seem too good to be true.
Simple Tests to Identify Real Turquoise
In addition to examining the key characteristics of turquoise, there are some simple tests you can perform to help determine its authenticity. These tests are not foolproof, but they can provide valuable clues.
1. The Acetone Test
The acetone test can help identify dyed imitations. Place a drop of acetone on a cotton swab and gently rub it on an inconspicuous area of the stone. If the cotton swab picks up any blue color, it's a sign that the turquoise may be dyed. However, it's important to note that some stabilized turquoise may also release a small amount of dye, so this test is not always conclusive.
2. The Heat Test
As mentioned earlier, the heat test can help distinguish plastic or resin imitations from real turquoise. Heat a needle and gently touch it to the stone. Plastic and resin will melt or emit a burning plastic smell, while real turquoise will remain unaffected. This test should be performed with caution, as excessive heat can damage even real turquoise.
3. The Scratch Test
A scratch test can help assess the hardness of the stone. Gently scratch the surface of the turquoise with a knife or other sharp object. Real turquoise, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, should resist scratching. Plastic or resin imitations, on the other hand, will scratch easily. However, it's important to perform this test on an inconspicuous area of the stone to avoid damaging it.
Tips for Buying Real Turquoise Jewelry
Now that you're equipped with the knowledge to identify real turquoise, here are some tips for buying turquoise jewelry and stones with confidence:
1. Buy from Reputable Dealers
One of the best ways to ensure you're buying genuine turquoise is to purchase from reputable dealers and jewelers. Look for businesses with a long history of selling turquoise and a strong reputation for honesty and integrity. Check online reviews and ask for recommendations from other collectors or enthusiasts.
2. Ask Questions
Don't hesitate to ask the seller questions about the turquoise you're interested in. Ask about its origin, treatment, and any other relevant information. A reputable seller will be happy to answer your questions and provide you with documentation or certifications if available.
3. Examine the Stone Closely
Before making a purchase, take the time to examine the turquoise stone closely. Look for the key characteristics of real turquoise, such as variations in color and matrix patterns, a waxy luster, and natural imperfections. Use a jeweler's loupe or magnifying glass to examine the stone in detail.
4. Consider the Price
The price of turquoise should be consistent with its quality and rarity. Be wary of deals that seem too good to be true, as they may indicate imitations or low-quality materials. Compare prices from different sources and be prepared to pay a fair price for genuine turquoise.
5. Get a Certificate of Authenticity
For high-value turquoise, consider getting a certificate of authenticity from a reputable gemological laboratory. A certificate of authenticity will provide an expert assessment of the gemstone's quality and authenticity, giving you peace of mind.
Conclusion
Identifying real turquoise requires a keen eye and a good understanding of its characteristics. By familiarizing yourself with the common imitations, the key features of genuine turquoise, and the simple tests you can perform, you'll be well-equipped to make informed purchases and appreciate the true beauty of this captivating gemstone. Remember to buy from reputable dealers, ask questions, and examine the stones closely. With a little knowledge and caution, you can confidently add genuine turquoise to your jewelry collection and enjoy its beauty and spiritual significance for years to come.